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FOREWORD PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS TECHNICAL INFORMATION 1 HISTORY OF DIVING AND NOAA CONTRIBUTIONS 1.0 GENERAL 1.1 FREE (BREATH-HOLD) DIVING 1.2 DIVING BELLS 1.3 HELMET (HARD-HAT) DIVING 1.4 SCUBA DIVING 1.5 SATURATION DIVING 1.5.1 Saturation Diving Systems 1.5.2 Habitats 1.5.3 Lock-Out Submersibles 1.6 NOAA’S DIVING PROGRAM 1.7 UNDERSEA AND DIVING RESEARCH 1.8 SUMMARY 2 PHYSICS OF DIVING 2.0 GENERAL 2.1 PRESSURE 2.1.1 Atmospheric Pressure 2.1.2 Hydrostatic Pressure 2.1.3 Absolute Pressure 2.1.4 Gauge Pressure 2.1.5 Partial Pressure 2.2 DENSITY 2.2.1 Specific Gravity 2.3 WATER 2.3.1 Freshwater 2.3.2 Seawater 2.3.3 pH 2.4 UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 2.4.1 Length 2.4.2 Area 2.4.3 Volume 2.4.4 Weight 2.5 TEMPERATURE 2.5.1 Heat 2.6 BUOYANCY (ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE) 2.7 GASES USED IN DIVING 2.7.1 Atmospheric Air 2.7.2 Oxygen (O2) 2.7.3 Nitrogen (N2) 2.7.4 Helium (He) 2.7.5 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 2.7.6 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2.7.7 Argon (Ar), Neon (Ne), Hydrogen (H2) 2.8 GAS LAW 2.8.1 Boyle’s Law 2.8.2 Charles’ / Gay-Lussac’s Law 2.8.3 Dalton’s Law 2.8.4 Henry’s Law 2.8.5 General Gas Law 2.9 MOISTURE IN BREATHING GAS 2.9.1 Humidity 2.9.2 Condensation in Breathing Hoses or Mask 2.9.3 Fogging of the Mask 2.10 LIGHT 2.10.1 Colors 2.11 SOUND 3 DIVING PHYSIOLOGY 3.0 GENERAL 3.1 SYSTEMS OF THE BODY 3.1.1 Musculoskeletal System 3.1.2 Nervous System 3.1.3 Digestive System 3.2 RESPIRATION AND CIRCULATION 3.2.1 Process of Respiration 3.2.2 Mechanics of Respiration 3.2.3 Control of Respiration 3.2.4 Circulation 3.2.4.1 Blood Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide 3.2.4.2 Tissue Gas Exchange 3.2.4.3 Tissue Use of Oxygen 3.2.5 Summary of Respiration and Circulation Processes 3.2.6 Respiratory Problems 3.2.6.1 Hypoxia 3.2.6.2 Carbon Dioxide Toxicity 3.2.6.3 Hyperventilation 3.2.6.4 Shallow Water Blackout 3.2.6.5 Carbon Monoxide Poisoning 3.2.6.6 Excessive Resistance to Breathing 3.2.6.7 Lipoid Pneumonia 3.3 EFFECTS OF PRESSURE 3.3.1 Direct Effects of Pressure During Descent 3.3.1.1 Ears 3.3.1.2 Sinuses 3.3.1.3 Lungs 3.3.1.4 Eyes 3.3.2 Direct Effects of Pressure During Ascent 3.3.2.1 Lungs – Pneumothorax 3.3.2.2 Lungs – Mediastinal Emphysema 3.3.2.3 Lungs – Subcutaneous Emphysema 3.3.2.4 Arterial Gas Embolism 3.3.2.5 Stomach and Intestine 3.3.2.6 Teeth 3.3.2.7 Contact Lenses 3.3.3 Indirect Effects of Pressure During Descent 3.3.3.1 Inert Gas Narcosis 3.3.3.2 High Pressure Nervous Syndrome (HPNS) 3.3.3.3 Oxygen Toxicity 3.3.3.3.1 CNS: Central Nervous System 3.3.3.3.2 Lung and “Whole Body” 3.3.3.3.3 Variations in Tolerance 3.3.3.3.4 Benefits of Intermittent Exposure 3.3.3.3.5 Concepts of Oxygen Exposure Management 3.3.3.3.6 Prevention of CNS Poisoning 3.3.3.3.7 The “Oxygen Clock” of “O2 Limit Fraction” 3.3.3.3.8 Prevention of Lung or Whole-Body Toxicity 3.3.4 Indirect Effects of Pressure During Ascent 3.3.4.1 Inert Gas Elimination 3.3.4.2 Decompression Sickness 3.3.4.3 Treatment Tables 3.3.4.4 Failures of Treatment 3.3.4.5 Counterdiffusion 3.3.4.6 Aseptic Bone Necrosis (Dysbaric Osteonecrosis) 3.3.4.7 Patent Foramen Ovale 3.3.4.8 Pregnancy and Diving 3.4 HYPOTHERMIA / HYPERTHERMIA 3.4.1 Effects of Cold 3.4.2 First Aid for Hypothermia 3.4.3 Thermal Protection 3.4.4 Thermal Stress Irrespective of Ambient Temperature 3.4.5 Survival in Cold Water 3.4.6 Overheating and Hyperthermia 3.4.7 Types of Heat Stress 3.5 DRUGS AND DIVING 3.5.1 Prescription Drugs 3.5.2 Smoking 3.5.3 Illicit Drugs and Alcohol 4 AIR DIVING AND DECOMPRESSION 4.0 GENERAL 4.1 DECOMPRESSION TABLE DEVELOPMENT 4.1.1 Table Computation Prediction 4.1.2 Computing Decompression Tables 4.1.3 Reliability of Tables 4.1.4 Dive Planning Software 4.2 USING THE U.S. NAVY DIVE TABLE TO MAKE SINGLE DIVES 4.2.1 Single Versus Repetitive Dives 4.2.2 Planning Single Dives 4.3 USING THE U.S. NAVY DIVE TABLE TO MAKE REPETITIVE DIVES 4.3.1 Recording Repetitive Dive Data 4.3.2 Accounting for Residual Nitrogen 4.3.3 Finding Repetitive Group Designations Following Single, No-Decompression Dives 4.3.4 Determining a Repetitive Group Designation Following a Surface Interval 4.3.5 Determining Adjusted No-Decompression Limits for Repetitive Dives 4.3.6 Determining Repetitive Group Designations Following Repetitive Dives 4.3.7 Why Repetitive Group Designations Are Important 4.3.8 Determining the Minimum Allowable Surface Interval Between Dives 4.3.9 Exceptions to Normal Repetitive Dive Planning 4.3.10 Dealing with Surface Intervals of Less Then Ten Minutes 4.4 USING THE U.S. NAVY DIVE TABLE TO MAKE STAGED DECOMPRESSION DIVES 4.4.1 What Is Decompression? 4.4.2 Decompression Diving Considerations 4.4.3 Making Mandatory Decompression Stops 4.4.4 Omitted Decompression 4.4.4.1 Omitted Decompression 1 4.4.4.2 Omitted Decompression 2 4.4.4.3 Use of Oxygen During Decompression 4.5 DEALING WITH CHANGES IN ALTITUDE 4.5.1 Diving at Altitude 4.5.1.1 Altitude Correction Procedure 4.5.1.2 Corrections of Depth of Dive 4.5.1.3 Correction for Decompression Stop Depths 4.5.1.4 Need for Correction 4.5.1.5 Depth Measurement at Altitude 4.5.1.6 Correction of Depth Gauges 4.5.1.7 Hypoxia During Altitude Diving 4.5.1.8 Altitude Sickness 4.5.1.9 Breathing Gases 4.5.1.10 Equilibration at Altitude 4.5.1.11 Repetitive Dives 4.5.1.12 Ascent to Altitude After Diving/Flying After Diving 4.6 BUILDING ADDITIONAL SAFETY FACTORS INTO DIVE TABLE USAGE 4.6.1 Remaining Well Within No-Decompression and Other Limits 4.6.2 Making Slow Ascents and Safety Stops 4.6.3 Taking Advantage of the Dive Table’s Inherent Margin of Safety on Multi-Level Dives 4.6.3.1 Reverse Profile Dives 4.6.4 Following Recommendations Concerning Cold and Arduous Dives 4.6.5 Managing Additional Risk Factors That May Contribute to Decompression Sickness 4.7 NOAA NO-DECOMPRESSION DIVE CHARTS 4.7.1 General 5 DIVER AND DIVING SUPPORT EQUIPMENT 5.0 GENERAL 5.1 BASIC EQUIPMENT 5.1.1 Face Mask 5.1.2 Snorkels 5.1.3 Fins 5.2 THERMAL PROTECTION 5.2.1 Dive Skins 5.2.2 Wet Suits 5.2.2.1 Maintenance of Wet Suits 5.2.3 Dry Suits 5.2.3.1 Dry-Suit Valves 5.2.3.2 Dry-Suit Seals and Accessories 5.2.3.3 Dry-Suit Zippers 5.2.3.4 Dry-Suit Use 5.2.3.5 Dry-Suit Underwear 5.2.3.6 Dry-Suits and Dry-Suit Underwear Maintenance 5.2.4 Hot-Water Suits and Systems 5.2.5 Suit Accessories 5.2.5.1 Gloves 5.2.5.2 Hoods 5.3 OPEN CIRCUIT SCUBA REGULATORS 5.3.1 Maintenance 5.4 EMERGENCY AIR SUPPLY 5.5 COMPRESSED AIR 5.5.1 General Safety Precautions 5.6 AIR COMPRESSORS AND FILTERING SYSTEMS 5.6.1 Maintenance 5.6.2 Carbon Monoxide Monitoring Device 5.6.3 Lubricants 5.6.4 Duties and Responsibilities 5.7 COMPRESSED GAS CYLINDERS 5.7.1 Cylinder Markings 5.7.2 High-Pressure Cylinders 5.7.3 Cylinder Inspection and Maintenance 5.7.4 Sustained Load Cracking (SLC) in 6351 Aluminum Alloy Cylinders 5.7.5 Cylinder Valve and Manifold Assembly 5.7.6 Reserve Valve 5.8 HIGH-PRESSURE AIR STORAGE SYSTEMS 5.9 BREATHING GAS BOOSTER PUMPS 5.10 SUBMERSIBLE PRESSURE GAUGES 5.10.1 Use of Submersible Pressure Gauge 5.11 BUOYANCY COMPENSATORS 5.11.1 Power Inflator Mechanisms 5.11.2 Maintenance of Buoyancy Compensators 5.11.3 Weight Belts and Weights 5.11.4 Safety Harnesses 5.11.5 Safety Harness and Bail-Out Cylinder 5.12 SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING EQUIPMENT 5.12.1 Topside Breathing Gas Source 5.12.2 Diver Control Manifold 5.12.3 Communication Box 5.12.4 Umbilical 5.12.5 Full-Face Masks and Helmets 5.12.6 Maintenance of Surface-Supplied Gear 5.13 HOOKAH 5.14 DEPTH GAUGES 5.15 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 5.16 KNIVES 5.17 DIVE LIGHTS 5.18 COMPASSES AND NAVIGATION 5.19 SIGNAL DEVICES 5.20 SCOOTERS 5.21 SHARK DEFENSE 5.22 UNDERWATER SLATES 5.23 SURFACE SUPPORT/MARKER FLOAT 5.24 DIVE COMPUTERS 5.25 BOTTOM TIMERS 5.26 UNDERWATER PHOTOGRAPHY AND VIDEO 5.26.1 Still Photography vs. Video 5.26.2 Types of Underwater Camera Systems for Still Photography 5.26.3 Light and Color 5.26.4 Electronic Flash 5.26.5 Trays and Flash Arms 5.26.6 The Image Capture Medium: Prints, Slides and Digital 5.26.7 Basic Techniques for Still Photography 5.26.8 Video Cameras and Housing 5.26.9 Basic Video Techniques 5.26.10 Camera Maintenance 6 SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING 6.0 GENERAL 6.1 SURFACE-SUPPLIED DIVING PROCEDURES 6.1.1 Planning the Dive 6.1.2 Selecting the Dive Team 6.1.3 Preparing for the Dive 6.1.4 Tending the Surface-Supplied Diver 6.1.5 The Dive 6.1.5.1 Ventilation 6.1.5.2 Diver Emergencies 6.1.6.1 Fouling 6.1.6.2 Blowup 6.1.6.3 Loss of Primary Air Supply 6.1.6.4 Loss of Communication or Contact with the Diver 6.1.6.5 Loss from View of Descent or Distance Line 6.1.6.6 Falling 6.1.6.7 Ascent 6.1.7 Postdive Procedures 6.1.8 Umbilical Diving from Small Boats 6.1.9 Umbilical Diving From Ships 6.1.10 Basic Air Supply Systems 6.1.11 Rates of Air Flow 6.1.12 Supply Pressure Requirements – Free-Flow Systems 6.1.13 Supply Pressure Requirements – Demand Systems 7 DIVER AND SUPPORT PERSONNEL TRAINING 7.0 GENERAL 7.1 MISSION AND PERSONNEL CERTIFICATION 7.1.1 Selection Standards 7.1.2 Physical examination 7.1.2.1 Skin 7.1.2.2 Psychiatric 7.1.2.3 Neurologic 7.1.2.4 Ophthalmologic 7.1.2.5 Otolaryngologic 7.1.2.6 Nose and Paranasal Sinuses 7.1.2.7 Oral and Dental 7.1.2.8 Pulmonary 7.1.2.9 Cardiovascular 7.1.2.10 Hematological 7.1.2.11 Gastrointestinal 7.1.2.12 Endocrinological 7.1.2.13 Musculoskeletal 7.1.2.14 Obstetric and gynecological 7.1.3 Swimming Skills 7.2 TRAINING PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS 7.2.1 Scuba Training 7.2.1.1 Classroom 7.2.1.2 Pool and Open Water 7.2.2 Umbilical Dive Training 7.2.2.1 Qualification Test 7.2.3 Nitox Training 7.2.4 Saturation Training 7.2.5 Research Diver Training 7.2.6 Dive Leadership Training 7.2.7 Chamber Operator Training 7.2.8 Equipment Maintenance Training 7.2.9 Diver Medical Technician Training 7.2.10 Hyperbaric Physician Training 7.2.11 Other Training Requirements 8 DIVE PLANNING 8.0 GENERAL 8.1 DIVE PLANNING 8.1.1 Selection of Diving Equipment 8.2 Dive Team Organization 8.2.1 Divemaster 8.2.2 Diving Medical Officer / Diving Medical Technician 8.2.3 Science Coordinator 8.2.4 Divers 8.2.5 Support Divers and Other Support Personnel 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 8.3.1 Surface Environmental Conditions 8.3.2 Underwater Environmental Conditions 8.4 DIVING SIGNALS 8.4.1 Hand Signals 8.4.2 Surface-to-Diver Recall Signals 8.4.3 Line Signals 8.4.4 Surface Signals 8.5 AIR CONSUMPTION RATES 8.5.1 Determining Individual Air Utilization Rates 8.5.2 Scuba Duration 8.5.3 Scuba Air Requirements 8.5.4 Surface-Supplied Air Requirements 9 PROCEDURES FOR SCIENTIFIC DIVES 9.0 GENERAL 9.1 SITE LOCATION 9.1.1 Traditional Methods 9.1.2 Electronic Methods 9.2 UNDERWATER SURVEYS 9.2.1 Direct Survey Methods 9.2.2 Indirect Survey Methods 9.2.2.1 Underwater Photographic Survey 9.2.2.2 Underwater Acoustic Surveys 9.3 UNDERWATER RECORDING METHODS 9.4 BIOLOGICAL SURVEYS 9.4.1 Estimating Population Densities 9.5 BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING 9.5.1 Plankton Sampling 9.5.2 Benthic Organism Sampling 9.5.3 Airlift Sampling 9.5.4 Midwater Sampling 9.5.5 Estimating Density of Planktonic Aggregations 9.6 SHELLFISH STUDIES 9.6.1 Collecting Techniques 9.7 TAGGING AND MARKING TECHNIQUES 9.8 BOTANICAL SAMPLING 9.8.1 Field Procedures 9.8.2 Macro-Photogrammetric Method 9.8.3 Herbivory Assays 9.8.4 Palatability Experiments 9.8.5 Nutrient Enrichment Assays and Primary Productivity 9.8.6 Collecting Techniques 9.8.7 Specimen Preparation and Preservation 9.9 ARTIFICIAL REEFS / HABITATS 9.10 GEOLOGY 9.10.1 Mapping 9.10.2 Sampling 9.10.3 Testing 9.10.4 Experimentation 9.11 PHYSICAL OCEANOGRAPHY 9.11.1 Deployment, Inspection, Maintenance, and Recovery of Instruments 9.11.2 In Situ Sampling of Currents and Waves by Divers 9.11.3 Water Samples 9.11.4 Undersea Laboratories 9.12 ARCHEOLOGY 9.12.1 Site Location 9.12.2 Site Documentation 9.12.3 Site Testing 9.12.4 Partial and Full-Site Excavation 9.13 ANIMAL CAPTURE TECHNIQUES 9.13.1 Nets 9.13.2 Seines 9.13.3 Trawls 9.13.4 Diving on Stationary Gear 9.14 THE USE OF ANESTHETICS IN CAPTURING AND HANDLING FISH 9.14.1 Response to Anesthetics 9.14.2 Selecting an Anesthetic 9.14.3 Application of Anesthetics 9.14.4 Diver-Operated Devices 10 PROCEDURES FOR WORKING DIVES 10.1 SEARCH AND RECOVERY 10.1.1 Circular Search 10.1.2 Line-Tended (Fishtail) Search 10.1.3 Jackstay Search Pattern 10.1.4 Searching a Large Area 10.1.5 Tow Diving 10.1.6 Drift Diving 10.1.7 Deepwater Towbar Search 10.1.8 Cable Cross Search 10.1.9 Search Without Lines 10.1.10 Recovery 10.2 UNDERWATER NAVIGATION 10.2.1 Basic Underwater Navigation 10.2.2 Water Depth / Underwater Distance 10.2.3 Diver Navigation Board 10.2.4 Precision Underwater Navigation 10.2.5 Choosing and Converting Between Coordinate Systems 10.2.6 Post-Mission or Real-Time Coordinate System Conversions 10.2.7 Installation 10.2.8 Environmental Variables 10.2.9 Raw Position Data 10.2.10 Quality Control 10.3 INSTRUMENT PLANTATION 10.4 HYDROGRAPHIC SUPPORT 10.4.1 Hazards to Navigation 10.4.2 Locating and Measuring Least Depths 10.4.3 Resolving Sounding Discrepancies 10.5 WIRE DRAGGING 10.6 UNDERWATER TOOLS 10.6.1 Hand Tools 10.6.2 Pneumatic Tools 10.6.3 Hydraulic Tools 10.6.4 Electric Tools 10.6.5 Power Velocity Tools 10.6.6 Cutting and Welding Tools 10.7 MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR TASKS 10.8 SALVAGE 10.8.1 Lifting Methods 10.8.1.1 Dead Lifting 10.8.1.2 Internal Buoyancy Lifts 10.8.1.3 External Lift Bags 10.8.1.4 Air Lifts 10.9 UNDERWATER DEMOLITION AND EXPLOSIVES 10.9.1 Types of Explosives 11 UNDERWATER SUPPORT SYSTEMS 11.0 GENERAL 11.1 UNDERWATER HABITATS 11.1.1 Saturation Diving Habitats 11.1.2 Non-Saturation Habitats 11.2 SURFACE-BASED SATURATION DIVING SYSTEMS 11.3 OPEN-BOTTOM BELL SYSTEMS 11.3.1 Description 11.3.2 Operational Parameters 11.3.3 Operational Procedures 12 DIVING UNDER SPECIAL CONDITIONS 12.0 GENERAL 12.1 GEOGRAPHIC REGIONS 12.1.1 Northeast Coast 12.1.2 Mid-Atlantic Coast 12.1.3 Southeast Coast 12.1.4 Gulf of Mexico 12.1.5 Northwest Coast 12.1.6 Mid-Pacific Coast 12.1.7 Southwest Coast 12.1.8 Central Pacific Ocean 12.1.9 Arctic and Antarctic 12.1.10 Tropics 12.1.11 Diving in Marine Sanctuaries or Underwater Parks 12.2 DIVING FROM SHORE 12.2.1 Through Surf 12.2.2 Through Surf an a Rocky Shore 12.2.3 Through Shore Currents 12.2.4 From a Coral Reef 12.3 DIVING FROM A STATIONARY PLATFORM 12.4 DIVING FROM A SMALL BOAT 12.4.1 Entering the Water 12.4.2 Exiting the Water 12.5 FRESHWATER DIVING 12.5.1 Great Lakes 12.5.2 Inland Lakes 12.5.3 Quarries 12.6 OPEN-OCEAN DIVING 12.7 CORAL REEFS AND FRINGING REEFS 12.8 FAST CURRENT 12.9 CAVE DIVING 12.10 COLD-WATER DIVING 12.11 DIVING UNDER ICE 12.12 KELP DIVING 12.13 WRECK DIVING 12.14 NIGHT DIVING 12.15 DIVING IN DAMS AND RESERVOIRS 12.15.1 Diving at Dams 12.15.2 Diving at Water Withdrawal and Pumping Sites 12.16 RIVER DIVING 12.17 DIVING FROM A SHIP 12.17.1 Personnel 12.17.2 Use and Storage of Diving and Related Equipment 12.17.3 Safety Considerations 12.17.4 Diving While Under Way 12.17.4.1 Equipment for Diving While Under Way 12.17.4.2 Communication for Diving While Under Way 12.18 PINNACLE AND SEAMOUNT DIVING 12.19 DIVING IN REMOTE LOCATIONS AND ON COASTS OF DIFFICULT ACCESS 12.20 DIVING IN LOW AND ZERO VISIBILITY 12.21 NOXIOUS GAS IN BOTTOM WATER 12.22 ARTIFICIAL, EXPERIMENTAL, AND UNUSUAL SITUATIONS 12.22.1 Fish Tanks, Cages, Farms, Shellfish Rafts, Diving Within Bio-Rich Enclosures and Containers 12.22.2 Diving Around Enclosures 12.22.3 Diving Within Enclosures 12.22.4 Reactor Shielding Tank 12.22.5 Oceanographic Engineering and Scientific Diving 13 POLLUTED-WATER DIVING 13.0 GENERAL 13.1 HAZARDS 13.1.1 Biological Pollutants 13.1.2 Toxic Chemicals 13.1.3 Radioactive Substances 13.1.4 Thermal Conditions 13.2 TRAINING 13.3 EQUIPMENT 13.3.1 General 13.3.2 Full-Face Masks 13.3.3 Diving Helmets 13.3.4 Umbilicals 13.3.5 Dry Suits 13.4 POLLUTED-WATER DIVING TECHNIQUES 13.5 DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES 13.6 ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 13.6.1 Resources for Consultation 14 REBREATHERS 14.0 GENERAL 14.1 TYPES OF REBREATHERS 14.1.1 Closed-Circuit Oxygen Systems 14.1.2 Semiclosed-Circuit Mixed-Gas Systems 14.1.3 Closed-Circuit Mixed-Gas Systems 14.2 REBREATHER DESIGN 14.3 HOW REBREATHERS WORK 14.4 ADVANTAGES OF REBREATHERS 14.5 DISADVANTAGES OF REBREATHERS 14.6 RISK ASSOCIATED WITH REBREATHER DIVING 14.6.1 Hypoxia 14.6.2 Oxygen Toxicity 14.6.3 Hypercapnia 14.6.4 Caustic Mix 14.7 GENERAL PROCEDURES FOR REBREATHER DIVING 15 NITROX DIVING 15.1 NITROGEN-OXYGEN BREATHING MIXTURES 15.1.1 Early Use of Nitrogen-Oxygen Breathing Mixtures 15.1.2 NOAA Use of Nitrox Breathing Mixtures 15.2 MISCONCEPTIONS 15.3 TERMINOLOGY 15.4 ADVANTAGES OF NITROX 15.4.1 Repetitive Dive Example 15.5 SELECTING A NITROX MIX 15.5.1 Concerns of the Mix 15.5.2 Oxygen Exposure Time 15.5.3 Maximum Operating Depth 15.5.4 Partial Pressure of Oxygen Chart 15.5.5 Fraction of Oxygen for the Mix 15.6 DIVING TABLES 15.6.1 NOAA Nitrox Diving Tables 15.6.2 Equivalent Air Depth Principle 15.6.3 Custom Tables 15.6.4 Repetitive Dives 15.6.5 Using Repetitive Procedures 15.6.6 Diving at Altitude 15.6.7 Dive Computers and Nitrox 15.7 USING NOAA NITROX DECOMPRESSION TABLES 15.7.1 Using Fixed Tables 15.7.2 NOAA Nitrox 32% and 36% Decompression Tables 15.7.3 Application of Equivalent Air Depth and Air Tables 15.7.4 Calculating the Equivalent Air Depth 15.8 REPETITIVE DIVING 15.8.1 Repetitive Dive with the Same Gas 15.8.2 Repetitive Dive with a Different Mix 15.8.3 Omitted Decompression 15.9 PROCEDURES FOR USING NOAA NITROX DIVING TABLES 15.10 OUT OF GAS EMERGENCIES 15.10.1 Diver Within No-Stop Limits 15.10.2 Shifting to Air During a Decompression Stop 15.11 PREPARATION OF NITROX GAS MIXTURES 15.11.1 Oxygen Handling 15.11.2 The Fire Triangle 15.11.3 Air to be Mixed with Oxygen 15.11.4 Cleaning for Oxygen Service 15.11.5 Design and Technique in Using Oxygen Systems 15.12 EQUIPMENT CONSIDERATIONS 15.12.1 Scuba Cylinders 15.12.2 Identification of Nitrox Cylinders 15.12.3 Cylinder Label for Oxygen Cleaning 15.12.4 Cylinder Labeling 15.12.5 Fill Station Log 15.13 PREPARING NITROX MIXTURES 15.13.1 Commercial Pre-Mix 15.13.2 Partial-Pressure Mixing 15.13.3 Oxygen Fill Formula 15.13.3.1 Oxygen to Add Charts 15.13.4 Continuous Flow Mixing 15.13.5 Pressure Swing Adsorption 15.13.6 Membrane Separation 15.13.7 Boosting Pressure to Scuba Cylinders 15.14 PERFORMING GAS ANALYSIS 15.14.1 Oxygen Analyzers 15.14.2 The Analysis Process 15.14.3 Analyzing Gas 15.14.3.1 Calibrating Gas 15.14.3.2 Flow Rate 15.14.3.3 Calibration 15.14.3.4 Analyzing the Nitrox Cylinder 16 MIXED-GAS AND OXYGEN DIVING 16.0 GENERAL 16.1 INERT GAS PHYSIOLOGY 16.1.1 Nitrogen and Narcosis 16.1.2 Helium 16.1.3 Other Inert Gases (Hydrogen, Neon, Argon) 16.1.4 Decompression with Special Gas Mixtures 16.2 OXYGEN PHYSIOLOGY 16.2.1 Oxygen Toxicity 16.2.2 Managing Oxygen Exposure 16.3 DIVING WITH SPECIAL GAS MIXES 16.3.1 Technical Diving 16.3.1.1 Accelerated Decompression 16.3.1.2 Diving with Trimixes of Nitrogen, Helium and Oxygen 16.3.1.2.1 Rationale and Need for Using Trimix 16.3.1.2.2 Selecting an Appropriate Trimix 16.3.1.2.3 Mixture Adjustment for Operational Considerations 16.3.1.2.4 Equivalent Narcotic Depth 16.3.1.2.5 Trimix Dive Profile 16.3.1.2.6 Trimix Decompression Tables 16.3.1.2.7 Management and Supervision During Trimix Diving 16.3.1.3 Diving with Helium-Oxygen Mixtures 16.3.1.4 Diving with Pure Oxygen 16.4 MIXED-GAS DIVING EQUIPMENT 16.4.1 Backplate, Harness, and Buoyancy Compensators 16.4.2 Gas Cylinders and Manifolds 16.4.3 Regulators, Hoses and Masks 16.4.4 Depth and Timing Devices 16.4.5 Tools and Emergency Equipment 16.5 MANAGING SPECIAL BREATHING GAS MIXTURES 16.5.1 Gas Purity Issues 16.5.1.1 Air to be Mixed with Oxygen 16.5.1.2 Oxygen Gas Purity 16.5.1.3 Inert Gas Purity 16.6 GAS MIXING 16.6.1 Mixing Trimixes and Heliox 16.6.1.1 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior in Partial Pressure Mixing 16.6.1.2 Use of Air for Mixing Trimix 16.6.1.3 Use of Nitrox for Mixing Trimix 16.6.1.4 Mixing and Stratification 16.7 BREATHING GAS ANALYSIS 16.7.1 Analysis for Gases Other Than Oxygen 16.7.1.1 Colorimetric Tubes 16.7.1.2 Helium Analysis 16.8 CYLINDER IDENTIFICATION AND LABELING 17 DIVING FROM SEAFLOOR HABITATS 17.0 GENERAL 17.1 PRINCIPLES OF SATURATION DIVING 17.2 BREATHING GASES 17.3 LIFE SUPPORT CONSIDERATIONS 17.4 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 17.4.1 General Procedures 17.4.2 Emergency Procedures (Habitats) 17.4.3 General Health Practices 17.4.4 Hazardous Materials 17.5 EXCURSION DIVING 17.5.1 Descending Excursions 17.5.2 Repetitive and Continuation Excursions 17.5.3 Ascending Excursions 17.6 DECOMPRESSION AFTER AN AIR OR NITROGEN-OXYGEN SATURATION DIVE 17.6.1 Decompression After Nitrogen-Oxygen or Air Saturation Exposures 17.6.2 Emergency Recompression in the Habitat 17.6.3 Diving After Decompression from Saturation Exposure 17.6.4 Flying After a Saturation Decompression 18 HYPERBARIC CHAMBERS AND SUPPORT EQUIPMENT 18.0 GENERAL 18.1 HYPERBARIC CHAMBERS 18.2 TRANSPORTABLE CHAMBERS 18.3 OPERATIONS 18.3.1 Staffing 18.3.1.1 Chamber Supervisor 18.3.1.2 Inside Tender 18.3.1.3 Outside Tender 18.3.1.4 Diving Physician 18.3.2 Checklist 18.3.3 Gas Supply 18.3.4 Chamber Ventilation and Gas Calculations 18.3.5 Built-In-Breathing Systems (BIBS) 18.3.6 Oxygen Analyzers 18.3.7 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Analyzers 18.3.8 Electrical Systems 18.4 CHAMBER MAINTENANCE 18.5 FIRE PREVENTION 18.5.1 Ignition 18.5.2 Combustion 18.5.3 Materials 18.5.4 Management of a Fire 18.5.5 Detection 18.5.6 Extinguishment 18.5.7 Breathing Masks and Escape 19 HAZARDOUS AQUATIC ANIMALS 19.0 GENERAL 19.1 GENERAL MEDICAL PROCEDURES 19.2 ANIMALS THAT ABRADE, LACERATE, OR PUNCTURE 19.2.1 Sea Urchins 19.2.2 Starfish 19.2.3 Rays and Fishes 19.3 ANIMALS THAT STING 19.3.1 Sponges 19.3.2 Hydroids, Jellyfishes, and Sea Anemones 19.3.3 Coral 19.3.4 Marine Worms 19.3.5 Cone Snails (“Shell”) 19.4 ANIMALS THAT BITE 19.4.1 Fishes 19.4.2 Reptiles 19.4.3 Octopi 19.4.4 Other Reptiles 19.4.5 Aquatic Mammals 19.5 ANIMALS THAT SHOCK 19.6 ANIMALS THAT ARE POISONOUS TO EAT 19.6.1 Ciguatera 19.6.2 Scombroid Poisoning 19.6.3 Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning 19.6.4 Tetrodotoxin “Puffer” Fish Poisoning 20 EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE 20.0 GENERAL 20.1 EMERGENCY MEDICAL RESPONSE 20.1.1 Medical Equipment and Supplies 20.1.2 Diving Operations Medical (First Aid) Kit 20.1.3 Primary Medical Treatment Kit 20.1.4 Secondary Medical Treatment Kit 20.1.5 Use of the Kits 20.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL CARE 20.3 INFECTION CONTROL 20.4 PRIMARY SURVEY – A DETAILED LOOK 20.4.1 Airway Assessment and Management 20.4.2 Managing the Victim with Suspected Spinal Injury 20.4.3 In-Water Artificial Ventilation 20.4.4 Emergency Airway Management and Artificial Ventilation 20.4.5 Circulatory Status Assessment and Management 20.4.5.1 Adult One-Rescuer CPR 20.4.5.2 Early Defibrillation 20.5 STOPPING LIFE-THREATENING BLEEDING 20.6 USE OF SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN 20.7 A COMPLETE VICTIM ASSESSMENT – THE SECONDARY SURVEY 20.7.1 The Head-To-Toe Examination 20.7.2 Taking the Necessary History 20.8 ELECTROCUTION 20.9 WOUNDS 20.10 BURNS 20.11 FRACTURES AND SPRAINS 20.12 POSSIBLE MEDICAL PROBLEMS 20.12.1 Respiratory Emergencies 20.12.1.1 Hyperventilation 20.12.1.2 Inadequate Breathing (Hypoventilation) 20.12.1.3 Obstructive Problems 20.12.2 Cardiovascular Emergencies 20.12.3 Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident) 20.12.4 Convulsions (Seizure) 20.12.5 Diabetic Emergencies 20.13 HEAT ILLNESSES 20.13.1 Heat Exhaustion 20.13.2 Heat Stroke 20.14 HYPOTHERMIA MANAGEMENT 20.15 SEASICKNESS (MOTION SICKNESS) 21 DIVING ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 21.0 GENERAL 21.1 PANIC 21.2 ANTICIPATION OF A PROBLEM 21.2.1 During Training 21.2.2 During Dive Preparation 21.2.3 During Entry and Descent 21.2.4 During the Dive 21.2.5 During Ascent and Exit 21.3 CAUSES OF EMERGENCIES 21.3.1 Loss of Air Supply 21.3.2 Loss or Flooding of Equipment 21.3.3 Fouling and Entanglement 21.3.4 Near Drowning 21.4 ASSESSING A PROBLEM 21.5 RESCUE PROCEDURES 21.5.1 Victim Submerged and Unconscious 21.5.2 Victim Submerged and Conscious 21.5.3 Convulsion in the Water 21.5.4 Victim on the Surface and Unconscious 21.5.5 Victim on the Surface and Conscious 21.5.6 Towing a Victim in the Water 21.5.7 Leaving the Water with a Victim 21.6 ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT 21.6.1 Summoning Aid 21.6.2 On-Site Care of the Diving Casualty 21.6.2.1 General Procedures of Accident Management 21.6.2.2 Immediate Care Protocol 21.6.2.3 Additional Advanced Life Support (ALS) 21.6.2.4 In-Water Recompression Treatment 21.6.2.5 Neurological Assessment and Examination 21.7 EVACUATION BY AIR 21.8 GUIDELINES FOR EMERGENCIES 21.9 ACCIDENT REPORTING PROCEDURES Appendix I DIVE PLANNING NOAA DIVING OPERATIONS PLAN DEVELOPMENT GUIDELINES DIVE SAFETY AND PLANNING PREDIVE CHECKLIST DIVE SAFETY AND PLANNING POSTDIVE CHECKLIST DIVING ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT PLAN Appendix II FIELD NEUROLOGICAL ASSESSMENT GENERAL Mental Status Coordination Motor Cranial Nerves Sensory Function Deep Tendon Reflexes TABLE II.1 Extremity Strength Test TABLE II.2 Reflexes Dematomal Areas Correlated to Spinal Cord Segment Neurological Examination Checklist Appendix III NO-DECOMPRESSION AIR DIVE TABLE CHART 1 DIVE TIMES WITH END-OF-DIVE GROUP LETTER CHART 2 SURFACE INTERVAL TIME CHART 3 REPETITIVE DIVE TIME Appendix IV U.S. NAVY DIVE TABLE U.S. NAVY DIVE TABLE 3 U.S. NAVY DIVE TABLE 4 U.S. NAVY DIVE TABLE 5 Appendix V FLOW CHARTS AND TREATMENT TABLES GENERAL RECOMPRESSION TREATMENTS WHEN CHAMBER IS AVAILABLE FLOW CHART 1 FLOW CHART 2 FLOW CHART 3 FLOW CHART 4 AIR TREATMENT TABLE 1A AIR TREATMENT TABLE 2A AIR TREATMENT TABLE 3 TREATMENT TABLE 4 TREATMENT TABLE 5 TREATMENT TABLE 6 TREATMENT TABLE 6A TREATMENT TABLE 7 TREATMENT TABLE 8 TREATMENT TABLE 9 Appendix VI SATURATION TREATMENT TABLES SATURATION 5 TREATMENT TABLE EMERGENCY SATURATION 5 TREATMENT TABLE SATURATION 6 (CONSERVATIVE) TREATMENT TABLE EMERGENCY SATURATION 6 TREATMENT TABLE SATURATION 6-A TREATMENT TABLE Appendix VII NITROX DIVE TABLES NOAA NITROX 32 NO-DECOMPRESSION DIVE TABLE-Abbreviated NOAA NITROX 36 NO-DECOMPRESSION DIVE TABLE-Abbreviated NITROX DIVE PLANNING WORKSHEET NOAA NITROX 32 NO-DECOMPRESSION DIVE TABLE-Expanded No-Decompression Limits and Repetitive Group Designation Table for No-Decompression Dive Residual Nitrogen Time NOAA NITROX 32 DECOMPRESSION DIVE TABLE NOAA NITROX 36 NO-DECOMPRESSION DIVE TABLE-Expanded No-Decompression Limits and Repetitive Group Designation Table for No-Decompression Dive Residual Nitrogen Time NOAA NITROX 36 DECOMPRESSION DIVE TABLE Appendix VIII DIVING GLOSSARY VOCABULARY PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES ABBREVIATIONS Appendix IX REFERENCES Appendix X INDEX
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